The French Passive Voice
Video on the passive voice
In the active voice, the subject does the action; in the passive voice (la forme passive), the subject undergoes it. The passive is built with être and the past participle, which agrees with the subject. This page explains the formation, the tenses, how to turn active into passive, the agent (par or de), the traps, common mistakes, a quick test and three interactive exercises right on the page.
The rule in one sentence
Active or passive?
The passive voice presents the same fact from a different angle: it highlights the object of the action rather than the doer.
| Voice | The subject… | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Active | does the action | Les députés votent la loi. (The MPs vote the law.) |
| Passive | undergoes the action | La loi est votée par les députés. (The law is voted by the MPs.) |
Forming the passive
Use the verb être followed by the past participle of the verb. The past participle always agrees with the subject.
| Subject | être + past participle |
|---|---|
| Un tableau | a été volé au musée. (A painting was stolen from the museum.) |
| Une piscine | sera construite dans deux ans. (A pool will be built in two years.) |
| Les livres | sont lus par les enfants. (The books are read by the children.) |
| Les portes | seront fermées à 18 h. (The doors will be closed at 6 pm.) |
The passive in different tenses
To change tense, you simply conjugate être in the tense you need. The past participle does not change (apart from agreement).
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Présent | on mange le gâteau | le gâteau est mangé |
| Passé composé | on a mangé le gâteau | le gâteau a été mangé |
| Imparfait | on mangeait le gâteau | le gâteau était mangé |
| Futur simple | on mangera le gâteau | le gâteau sera mangé |
| Conditionnel | on mangerait le gâteau | le gâteau serait mangé |
From active to passive
To turn an active sentence into a passive one, you reorganise the elements.
| Step | What happens |
|---|---|
| The direct object | becomes the subject of the passive sentence |
| The verb | becomes être (same tense) + agreeing past participle |
| The active subject | becomes the agent, introduced by par |
The agent: par or de
The agent says who does the action. It is most often introduced by par, but some verbs prefer de.
| Preposition | When | Example |
|---|---|---|
| par | concrete action (most common) | La maison a été construite par l’architecte. |
| de | verbs of feeling or description: aimé, respecté, connu, accompagné, couvert, entouré, suivi | Elle est aimée de tous. · La table est couverte d’une nappe. |
The traps
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Common mistakes
- Passive formed with avoir. « La loi a votée » → « La loi est votée. »
- Past participle not agreeing. « Les livres sont lu » → « Les livres sont lus. »
- A verb without a direct object made passive. « Il est dormi » → impossible: dormir has no direct object.
- Wrong tense of être. « Hier, la salle est nettoyée » → « Hier, la salle a été nettoyée. »
- A pointless agent with on. « Des crêpes seront préparées par nous » → « Des crêpes seront préparées. »
Self-check
Turn into the passive, then reveal the answers.
- Le jury récompense les gagnants.
- On a annulé le concert.
- Gustave Eiffel a construit la tour Eiffel.
Show the answers
1. Les gagnants sont récompensés par le jury. · 2. Le concert a été annulé. · 3. La tour Eiffel a été construite par Gustave Eiffel.
FAQ
How do you form the passive voice?
With the verb être conjugated in the tense you need, followed by the past participle of the verb: « La loi est votée », « La maison a été construite ». The past participle agrees with the subject.
How do you turn an active sentence into a passive one?
The direct object becomes the subject, the verb becomes être (same tense) + agreeing past participle, and the active subject becomes the agent introduced by par: « Le chat attrape la souris » → « La souris est attrapée par le chat. »
When do you use « par » or « de »?
Use par in most cases (concrete action). Use de after verbs of feeling or description: aimé de, respecté de, connu de, accompagné de, couvert de, entouré de.
Can every verb be made passive?
No. Only verbs with a direct object can be made passive. Intransitive verbs (dormir, aller…) cannot. The verb avoir is used only in the active voice.
Does the past participle agree?
Yes, always with the subject, in gender and number: « Une piscine sera construite », « Les livres sont lus ».
Key takeaways
- Passive = être (in the verb’s tense) + past participle agreeing with the subject.
- The direct object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
- The agent is introduced by par (or de with verbs of feeling).
- With on, no agent: « Des livres sont lus. »
- No direct object, no passive; and never avoir in the passive.
Exercises
Exercise 1. Are the verbs in the active or the passive voice?
Exercise 2. Put the sentences into the passive where possible.
Exercise 3. Write newspaper headlines in the passive voice.
See also: all French grammar · level test
Written and reviewed by the native teachers at Live French, online since 2007.







