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The French Passive Voice

Video on the passive voice

In the active voice, the subject does the action; in the passive voice (la forme passive), the subject undergoes it. The passive is built with être and the past participle, which agrees with the subject. This page explains the formation, the tenses, how to turn active into passive, the agent (par or de), the traps, common mistakes, a quick test and three interactive exercises right on the page.

The rule in one sentence

The passive = être (in the tense of the active verb) + the past participle, which agrees in gender and number with the subject. Only verbs with a direct object can be made passive.

Active or passive?

The passive voice presents the same fact from a different angle: it highlights the object of the action rather than the doer.

VoiceThe subject…Example
Activedoes the actionLes députés votent la loi. (The MPs vote the law.)
Passiveundergoes the actionLa loi est votée par les députés. (The law is voted by the MPs.)

Forming the passive

Use the verb être followed by the past participle of the verb. The past participle always agrees with the subject.

Subjectêtre + past participle
Un tableaua été volé au musée. (A painting was stolen from the museum.)
Une piscinesera construite dans deux ans. (A pool will be built in two years.)
Les livressont lus par les enfants. (The books are read by the children.)
Les portesseront fermées à 18 h. (The doors will be closed at 6 pm.)
Good to know: the verb être carries the tense. The past participle takes the subject’s agreement: volé, construite, lus, fermées.

The passive in different tenses

To change tense, you simply conjugate être in the tense you need. The past participle does not change (apart from agreement).

TenseActivePassive
Présenton mange le gâteaule gâteau est mangé
Passé composéon a mangé le gâteaule gâteau a été mangé
Imparfaiton mangeait le gâteaule gâteau était mangé
Futur simpleon mangera le gâteaule gâteau sera mangé
Conditionnelon mangerait le gâteaule gâteau serait mangé

From active to passive

To turn an active sentence into a passive one, you reorganise the elements.

StepWhat happens
The direct objectbecomes the subject of the passive sentence
The verbbecomes être (same tense) + agreeing past participle
The active subjectbecomes the agent, introduced by par
Example: Le chat attrape la souris. → La souris est attrapée par le chat. (The cat catches the mouse. → The mouse is caught by the cat.)

The agent: par or de

The agent says who does the action. It is most often introduced by par, but some verbs prefer de.

PrepositionWhenExample
parconcrete action (most common)La maison a été construite par l’architecte.
deverbs of feeling or description: aimé, respecté, connu, accompagné, couvert, entouré, suiviElle est aimée de tous. · La table est couverte d’une nappe.
Note: when the active subject is the pronoun on, there is no agent. « On lit des livres. » → « Des livres sont lus. » (Books are read.)

The traps

No direct object, no passive. A verb without a direct object (dormir, aller, téléphoner à…) cannot be made passive. And beware: the passive is formed with être, never with avoir; avoir is used only in the active voice.
Knowing the rule of the passive is one thing; using it naturally in speech and writing is the goal. Book a free trial lesson and practise with a native teacher, no credit card required.
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Common mistakes

  • Passive formed with avoir. « La loi a votée » → « La loi est votée. »
  • Past participle not agreeing. « Les livres sont lu » → « Les livres sont lus. »
  • A verb without a direct object made passive. « Il est dormi » → impossible: dormir has no direct object.
  • Wrong tense of être. « Hier, la salle est nettoyée » → « Hier, la salle a été nettoyée. »
  • A pointless agent with on. « Des crêpes seront préparées par nous » → « Des crêpes seront préparées. »

Self-check

Turn into the passive, then reveal the answers.

  1. Le jury récompense les gagnants.
  2. On a annulé le concert.
  3. Gustave Eiffel a construit la tour Eiffel.
Show the answers

1. Les gagnants sont récompensés par le jury. · 2. Le concert a été annulé. · 3. La tour Eiffel a été construite par Gustave Eiffel.

FAQ

How do you form the passive voice?

With the verb être conjugated in the tense you need, followed by the past participle of the verb: « La loi est votée », « La maison a été construite ». The past participle agrees with the subject.

How do you turn an active sentence into a passive one?

The direct object becomes the subject, the verb becomes être (same tense) + agreeing past participle, and the active subject becomes the agent introduced by par: « Le chat attrape la souris » → « La souris est attrapée par le chat. »

When do you use « par » or « de »?

Use par in most cases (concrete action). Use de after verbs of feeling or description: aimé de, respecté de, connu de, accompagné de, couvert de, entouré de.

Can every verb be made passive?

No. Only verbs with a direct object can be made passive. Intransitive verbs (dormir, aller…) cannot. The verb avoir is used only in the active voice.

Does the past participle agree?

Yes, always with the subject, in gender and number: « Une piscine sera construite », « Les livres sont lus ».

Key takeaways

  • Passive = être (in the verb’s tense) + past participle agreeing with the subject.
  • The direct object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
  • The agent is introduced by par (or de with verbs of feeling).
  • With on, no agent: « Des livres sont lus. »
  • No direct object, no passive; and never avoir in the passive.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Are the verbs in the active or the passive voice?

Exercise 2. Put the sentences into the passive where possible.

Exercise 3. Write newspaper headlines in the passive voice.

Written and reviewed by the native teachers at Live French, online since 2007.

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